Indian Removal Essays - Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, Choctaw

Indian Removal Essays - Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, Choctaw Indian Removal INTRODUCTION On May 26, 1830, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by the Twenty-First Congress of the United states of America. After four months of strong debate, Andrew Jackson signed the bill into law. Land greed was a big reason for the federal government's position on Indian removal. This desire for Indian lands was also abetted by the Indian hating mentallity that was peculiar to some American frontiersman. This period of forcible removal first started with the Cherokee Indians in the state of Georgia. In 1802, the Georgia legislature signed a compact giving the federal government all of her claims to western lands in exchange for the government's pledge to extigiush all Indian titles to land within the state. But by the mid-1820's Georgians began to doubt that the government would withhold its part of the bargain. The Cherokee Indian tribes had a substantial part of land in Georgia that they had had for many generations though. They were worried about losing their land so they forced the issue by adopting a written constitution. This document proclaimed that the Cherokee nation had complete jurisdiction over its own territory. But by now Indian removal had become entwined with the state of Georgia's rights and the Cherokee tribes had to make their claims in court. When the Cherokee nation sought aid from newly elected president Andrew Jackson, he informed them that he would not interfere with the lawful prerogatives of the state of Georgia. Jackson saw the solution of the problem with the removal of the Cherokee tribes to lands west. This would keep contact between Indians and colonists rare. He suggested that laws be past so that the Indians would have to move west of the Mississippi river. Similar incidents happened between the other "civilized" tribes and white men. The Seminole tribe had land disputes with the state of Florida. The Creek Indians fought many battles against the federal army so they could keep their land in the states of Alabama and Georgia. The Chickisaw and Choctaw had disputes with the state of Mississippi. To ensure peace the government forced these five tribes called the Five Civilized Tribes to move out of their lands that they had lived on for generations and to move to land given to them in parts of Oklahoma. Andrew Jackson was quoted as saying that this was a way of protecting them and allowing them time to adjust to the white culture. This land in Oklahome was thinly settled and was thought to have little value. Within 10 years of the Indian Removal Act, more than 70,000 Indians had moved across the Mississippi. Many Indians died on this journey. "The Trails of Tears" The term "Trails of Tears" was given to the period of ten years in which over 70,000 Indians had to give up their homes and move to certain areas assigned to tribes in Oklahoma. The tribes were given a right to all of Oklahoma except the Panhandle. The government promised this land to them "as long as grass shall grow and rivers run." Unfortunately, the land that they were given only lasted till about 1906 and then they were forced to move to other reservations. The Trails of Tears were several trails that the Five civilized Tribes traveled on their way to their new lands. Many Indians died because of famine or disease. Sometimes a person would die because of the harsh living conditions. The tribes had to walk all day long and get very little rest. All this was in order to free more land for white settlers. The period of forcible removal started when Andrew Jackson became Presidentin 1829. At that time there was reported to be sightings of gold in the Cherokee territory in Georgia which caused prospectors to rush in, tearing down fences and destroying crops. In Mississippi, the state laws were extended over Choctaw and Chickisaw lands, and in 1930 the Indians were made citizens which made it illegal to hold any tribal office. Also in Georgia, the Cherokee tribes were forbade to hold any type of tribal legislature except to ratify land cessions, and the citzens of Georgia were invited to rob and plunder the tribes in their are by making it illegal for an Indian to bring suit against a white man. When President Jackson began to negotiate with the Indians, he

Effects of Video Games Upon Children and Their Behavior in the Real Research Paper

Effects of Video Games Upon Children and Their Behavior in the Real Life in the USA - Research Paper Example However, despite providing jobs and improving the economy, parents and organizations are concerned about the vast negative effects it has in the American society. Organizations such as the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and the American Academy of Pediatrics state that, vulnerability to violent media, such as video games, can lead to real-life destructive behavior and harm minors in other ways (â€Å"Violent Video Games and Young People,† Harvard.edu). 2. Types of Video Games There are eight main categories of video games namely; action, adventure and role playing, arcade, strategy, simulation, driving and puzzle. a. Action: They are characterized by excessive violence and are generally fast-paced. Majority of mature-rated games fall under this category so they are not appropriate for children. Mild games in this category have suggestive themes. These games may depict a human being against another human being or a human being against an alien or an animal (C aruana, V., Caruana, C., and Bruner, focusonthefamily.com). b. Adventure and Role Playing: These games contain an element of fantasy. They are less violent and less graphic than action games. However, they do contain some level of violence. c. Arcade: Games in this category range from being violent to classic. d. Strategy: These games require the making of tactical movements by the players. They have no violence making them suitable for children but they are quite difficult to play. e. Simulation: Games in this category mainly consist of aircraft simulations. Majority of their themes revolve around destroying enemies. f. Driving: Most of these games involve racing, however, there are a few that are mission-based. Players initially choose car, and with time, they get better and better... This report approves that the impact of exposure to violence in games has become a matter of concern. According to statistics, majority of American teenagers own their own computer or video games and spend approximately five to thirteen hours a week playing these games. This essay makes a conclusion that video games have a prominent place in the culture of the United States. With the passing of time, video games have evolved in many ways. Today, they come with a range of categories from the most violent to the harmless. However, all these games carry some level of harm that mainly depends on the amount of time spent playing them. This has led to concerns about potential harms and effects in the usage of video games. Despite having a number of benefits, the use of video games has been found to contain vast negative effects. Consequently, federal and state laws have been formulated to control these harmful effects and especially on children and teenagers. Parental control is essential to decrease the negative effects of video games on minors. Parents should therefore keep a closer eye on the kinds of video games their children play. Controlling the number of hours children and teenagers spend playing video game is also a positive step towards controll ing their harmful effects. It is not clear how inappropriate video games get to inappropriate audience in the United States. Therefore, there is need for more reviews, tougher laws and censorship to control this.

Data collection companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Data collection companies - Essay Example This paper takes a stand that picking information of an individual from social websites without their permission is unethical. To defend this stand, this paper analyzes the impact of using unauthorized information that comes from social media. This paper also identifies a supporting argument in favor of using these types of information, and gives a counter argument against the argument. This paper has a conclusion, which is a summary of the main points that the paper addresses. Sharing personal information about an individual without their authorization can damage the reputation of the individual under consideration. For example, a data collecting company can peruse through the facebook profiles of certain individuals, and find information concerning their sexual habits. Sharing this information with other organizations without their consent is disastrous. An organization can use this information for or against the individual concerned (Partridge, 33) . Take an instance if the indivi dual is gay, and the information comes before anti-gay institutions. The impact of this action on the individual is damage to his or her reputation. Another reason as to why this process is unethical is that doubts might emanate on the accuracy of the information the data collection company provides. ... This aspect might lead to developing a policy by an organization that does not reflects the needs of the people whom it targets. Take an example where by the data collecting company has information about alcohol consumption habits amongst adults. If 70% of this information is inaccurate, an alcohol company relies on the information to market their products. Using this information will lead to a flop in the marketing campaigns and strategy of the alcohol company. It is important for data collection companies to fairly process the information they acquire from social sites in a professional and ethical manner. On this basis therefore, if a company wants to share an individual’s personal information, then they should seek the consent of the individual concerned. It is only fair for the person to have a chance of determining how an organization uses his personal data. However, other people disagree with my assertion that it is unethical for data collection companies to use the per sonal information of an individual derived from their social website pages. According to their argument, they denote that the information is already public, and therefore it is not a crime to sell such kind of information to organizations that want to use them (Partridge, 25). However, according to me, this argument is inaccurate and does not have facts to support it. This is because there are regulations that govern an individual when he or she opens an account with social sites. For instance, some of these sites guarantee that the information they post will not be used for commercial purposes without their permission. On this basis therefore, for a data company to

Guwahati Two or Three Heavy Rainfalls in Day Wreck Havoc Essay Example for Free

Guwahati Two or Three Heavy Rainfalls in Day Wreck Havoc Essay In Guwahati two or three heavy rainfalls in day wreck havoc in most of the areas of the city, creating water logging and traffic snarls. Common people however, have no other option but to vent their ire against the government and the authorities concerned, and are learning to live with the streets flooded for hours and spending considerable time in the traffic congestion. Commuters have a harrowing time in the artificial flood water in the Chandmari Colony area in Guwahati. Jawans of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) rescue children from the submerged houses, following the disaster in the Nabin Nagar area in Guwahati. Local people using rubber boats are seen helping in the rescue efforts. Several people get killed and injured in the devastating thunderstorm. Homes and agriculture are also the victims of the destructive process. The busy GNB Road at Chandmari is one of the most affected areas today, where traffic congestion start since early morning despite the fact that it is a holiday. The lanes and by-lanes in the surrounding areas are also waterlogged for several hours creating problem for the residents. â€Å"We started our day with the roads water-logged, which has become the most predictable situation after every rainfall. Water entered the campuses of many of our neighbouring houses, creating chaotic situation,† said Juri choudhry a resident of the Rajgarh area. GS Road, another arterial street of the city, was water-logged during the morning for several hours. Christian Basti and Bora Service areas were the worst hit due to artificial flood. With no effective solution in sight, people of Guwahati are now afraid of even the slightest of rainfall. The indifference of government authorities towards the biggest civic problem of the city is strongly condemnable,† a local of the Bora Service area mentioned. This monsoon season has wrecked havoc some of the by-lanes of our locality, where constant water-logging is leading to health related problems. Foul smell due to flood water and strewn garbage is also giving a horrible time to the residents of the locality,†Chandrani Das, an office Assistant and a local of Tarun Nagar mentioned. â€Å"Lack of co-ordination between various government departments and agencies is another reason behind the failure of government authorities to find a permanent solution of this problem,† she added. Water-logging lasted till evening in Rajgarh by-lane 1, Gandhibasti, RG Baruah Road and many other parts of the city. Panbazar, Athgaon, Shantipur, Ganeshguri, Bhutnath, Lakhra were also among the worst-hit areas. The main causes of artificial flood in Guwahati, are encroachment by certain people upon wetlands and hills in the city, dumping of garbage in drains, earth-cutting in the hillocks in and around the city and blocking of natural drains by people for building houses. The GDD Minister said drains on both sides of the main roads from Last Gate to Khanapara and from Chandmari to Noonmati were being constructed and added that the Hatigaon-Dispur drain and drains in other places were under construction. Sarma also said the Guwahati Water bodies (Preservation and Conservation) Act, 2008 was being implemented. Referring to the JNNURM, the GDD Minister said a survey of the drains in the city was being done and special schemes prepared. He said that the Centre had sanctioned Rs 90 crore for the State under the JNNURM. Earlier, Deka had sought to know the reasons behind artificial flood in Guwahati and the schemes, including the ones under the JNNURM, being taken by the State Government to solve the problem. The recurring phenomenon of artificial flood in the capital city is getting worse with the passage of time due to the lack of a proper scientific scheme to deal with the menace. In 1950, the natural drainage system along with the wet spaces were sufficient enough for carrying the surface run off the present catchments area of Guwahati to the outfall at Bharalumukh. As the low lying places are filled up and sewage added to run off, flood occurred. To decrease the quantity of surface run off, flowing to the natural drainage system, it is necessary to catch the run off and divert it on gravity flow. The level of Brahmaputra at Palasbari is 6 m below the level of Guwahati. The storm water coming down the hills of Meghalaya, enter Guwahati through the bridges on NH37 via Bahini and Basistha rivers near Khanapara and flowing via Bharalu river in the city exit Guwahati through the bridge on NH 37 near Jalukbari. A modern sewage treatment plant and solid disposal system is the immediate necessity of the city but let us ensure that: (i) there shall be no house in the city without a septic tank; (ii) no septic tank should be permitted without a covered soak pit; (iii) households disposing effluent from septictanks directly to roadside drains may be fined and sealed; (iv) usage of imported porous soil for the soak pit for proper soaking maybe made statutory; (v) disposal of silage (water from bathrooms, kitchens and laundry) to roadside drains maybe immediately banned. Owners must arrange soak pits for silage soaking within their own compounds; (vi) bulky household waste and solid waste must also be incinerated inside compounds only. Throwing of such wastes to roads, rivers, drains, should be severely punished by law; (vii) every citizen must keep his compound and the road and the roadside drain in front of his house clean: otherwise he should be fined in thousands of rupees daily; (viii) all hotels in Paltan Bazaar area and other places dispose the sullage into roadside drains. Hotels, apartments, commercial places disposing sullage into roadside drains should be immediately sealed; (ix) roadside drains, streams, rivers in the city should carry storm water only; (x) implementation of the above civic rules will have added benefit of mosquito control with empowered existing organizational structure of the authorities. A cleaner city will draw out its surface water: We should keep removable big plastic buckets; garbage bins with polythene carry bags inside, in large numbers in all public places, commercial place, markets, roadsides etc. ike in Singapore and keep one watchman for regular removal and replacing of the carry bags and arrange for their immediate disposal. Unemployed youths can take up this business and collect fees from the shops and residents. The State Government has entrusted the water resources, PHE and PWD departments with the task of cleaning the Bharalu, Bahini and Morabharalu rivers and the drains in Guwahati in order to check artificial fl ood in the city. Rs 370 lakhs have been allotted for cleaning the drains and three rivers.

Hackers :: essays research papers fc

Hacking: "Slang word for a computer enthusiast. One who breaks into the computer system of a company or government." 1 Most hackers break into computers not to wreak havoc, but simply to explore and share information with one another. A small minority, however, do wish to create mischief. These individuals are the ones who have the public fearing hackers. They are genuinely responsible for the Media calling hackers criminals. These individuals and gangs purposely break into computers for personal financial gain, or to turn your six thousand dollar state of the art computer into a six thousand dollar paperweight. A hacker via RoadRunner can easily glide into an unprotected PC.2 There; they can potentially get credit card numbers and other valuable goodies. â€Å"Instead of thinking 'criminal' or 'vandal' when hearing the word hacker, we want the public to think of 'knowledge seekers' and 'curious wanderers'.† 3 â€Å"Destruction and unethical ignorance has plagued the underground too long, let's bring back the old school ways of creation and system penetrating for the knowledge that it is holding, not for the destruction of that knowledge nor the possessors of it.† 3 -www.hackers.com A stereotype that is casually applied to a hacker, is that they are geeks, doofs and nerds. They have few or no friends and spend the majority of their time in front of their computers. In actuality a hacker could be a CEO of a multinational, or the person sitting next to you on the subway. Obviously there are some things all hackers have in common. All are able to do advanced calculations in math, are well versed in computer languages, and have a good grasp of their Native language. They must have a state of the art computer that they know inside and out. They also have access to, or knowledge of secret codes and computer languages. Hackers have many tools in their â€Å"toolbox† for breaking into computers. An example of this is a Password Sniffer. This is a program, which is secretly hidden on a network. The sniffer is programmed to record, in a secret file, logos and passwords. In the span of a week, these tiny, planted programs can record hundreds of user names and code words and their associated passwords. This information is then sent back to the hacker. Last year an advisory from Carnegie Mellon University's Computer Emergency Response Team warned that, because of a rash of sniffing attacks, tens of thousands of passwords had been stolen and were presumed to be compromised.

Biological Theories of Crime Essay

What are the central assumptions of biological theories of crime? How do such theories differ from other perspectives that attempt to explain the same phenomena? Biological Theories of Crime These theories are provided by contemporary criminologist who relates the interaction between surrounding social and physical environments with biological influences and how it in turn shapes behavioral propensity and criminal activities too. Many researchers think that it can be passed down to their child to be more risk of committing the crime. The finding in the research is not as accurate as they want it to be based on the individual they conducted the test is not so accurate. There is a belief that will bring down that lower level in neurotransmitter cause a person to be anti-social towards an individual. The biological theories are based on the neurotransmitters, hormone, and central nervous system that may cause an individual to act out in an aggressive and violent way toward victims. What biological factors does this lesson suggest might substantially influence human aggression? The Human Genome Project The use of genetic knowledge developed by the HGP is likely to have momentous implications for both individuals and society. Many of the questions criminologists have raised about the role of genetics in criminal behavior may be answered by the results of research begun by the HGP. 7 In the area of crime-control policy, HGP-related information is expected to support the development of public policy options related to crime pre-vention and the treatment of offenders. Genetics and Heritability Theories The compositions of the human genes is believed to carry out an important role in relations to criminal aggression and it causation. With no explicit indentification of the gene, Crimimologist believe that the influence of social and physical environment is more like to predetermine one to become aggresive of crimimal more than genetical prediposition. Brain Dysfunction Theories Most anomalies to the human brain may trigger a criminal instinct and abnomality in behaviours. Body Chemistry Theories This theory reveals how disruptive behaviour could seldom be reconnected to inadequate nutrition in the body which affects the human body. Hormones and Criminality Theories Quite similar to the body chemistry, however the connection is identified with hormonal influences. Biosocial Criminology Theories This theory observes the interacting conncetion that exist between the social environments and biology which is paramount to perception of the human behavior

Mandatory Minimums The United States Sentencing Commission

The average cost of keeping a single prisoner incarcerated in federal prison for a year is approximately $30,619.85 (Prisons Bureau, and Department of Justice). Multiply that number by the approximate 2,217,000 prisoners currently incarcerated and the cost of long sentences required by mandatory minimums starts to add up (Federal Bureau of Prisons). In addition to the economical problems mandatory minimums contribute to, some adversaries suggest that mandatory minimums may not even be effective, particularly in regards to reducing drug related crimes. In many organized drug operations when one drug supplier is caught and incarcerated another swiftly takes his place (Caulkins). Furthermore, social scientists and public policy analysts researching the effectiveness of mandatory minimums have found there to be little conclusive evidence that mandatory minimums do in fact reduce crime (The United States Sentencing Commission). Another concern mandatory minimums pose is the lack of individualized sentencing. As previously mentioned when discussing the positive aspects of mandatory minimums, some view consistency of sentencing as a favorable product of mandatory minimums, nevertheless, there are some significant problems associated with standardizing sentences. Many people support the idea that offenders of the same crime should receive the same sentence, however, this idea disregards the individuality and complexity of each criminal case; while the same crime may have beenShow MoreRelatedMandatory Minimums Should Not Be Mandatory911 Words   |  4 PagesThose who oppose mandatory minimums argue that longer sentences cost too much, are ineffective in reducing drug related crimes, and do not allow for lenience in extenuating circumstances. The average cost of keeping a single prisoner incarcerated in federal prison for a year is approximately $30,619.85 (Prisons Bureau, and Department of Justice), multiply that number by the typical five years in prison mandatory minimum policy demands for minor drug crimes as well as multiplying it by the approximateRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences Imposed By Statute865 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious states across the nation, where there are far too many occurrences where individuals have been convicted of crimes and subjected to unfair mandatory sentencing. â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentencing laws require binding prison terms of a particular length for people convicted of certain federal and state crimes† (Famm, n.d.). â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentences imposed by statute are intended to achieve consistency in sentencing at the expense of individual consideration of the contextual sentencing factors†Read MoreCriminal Sentencing Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesdecades, but has been regulated by legislature since 1984. Discretion by definition is the authorization of deciding as one thinks fit, absolutely or within limits (Ntanda, 1999). Indeterminate sentencing, traditionally, has afforded judges considerable discretion over the resolve of criminal sentencing. â€Å"While such discretion theoretically allows judges to tailor sentences to the circumstances of individual crimes and criminals, thereby achieving a sort of ex post fairness, it also permits variationRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe establishment of mandatory minimum sentencing laws has been a policy blunder since their proliferation in the 1980s. Mandatory minimum laws are negatively affecting the U.S, economically and socially. These laws effectively strip judges of their ability to adjudicate a fair punishment by setting a minimum sentence and handing their discretion over to prosecutors. A number of individuals and their families have b een negatively affected by mandatory minimum penalties, however, there are othersRead MoreSentencing Of The Criminal Justice System Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesSentencing criminals in court is not the easiest thing to for anyone involved, it’s usually a lengthy process that must go through examining evidence, interviewing witnesses and of course listening to the defense. When an offender has been found guilty, a judge must decide what their retribution will be, usually referring to set guidelines. These guidelines help judges decide what punishment would be best based on the offense, criminal history, whether a weapon was used, and many other facts. TheseRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1528 Words   |  7 Pagescould vary. To have unvaried penalties, mandatory minimum sentencing laws were enacted. These laws help keep citizens protected, while criminals are incarcerated. John Oliver, the host of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, talks about how mandatory minimum sentencing increases the number of criminals incarcerated, and he believes the length of their prison time is longer than it should be. He shows videos of criminals who were convicted under the mandatory minimum law with drug crimes. These videos explainRead MoreThe Role of Sentencing in the Justice System630 Words   |  3 PagesSentencing plays a extensive role in the criminal justice system. â€Å" The sentencing of convicted offenders in the United States had been based principally on a rehabilitative model† (Miller, 1981).It is the discipline predetermined for an offender. When thinking of the many sentencing components used, to predispose the price an offender has to pay for the crime committed. There are many pros and cons for the many different types of sentencing we use in the criminal justice systemRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences For Nonviolent Drug Crimes Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesMandatory Minimum Sentences For the vast majority of crimes committed in the United States, the fate of those who have been found guilty is left in the hands of a judge, after a trial by jury. However, since the 1950’s the fate of nonviolent drug offenders has been shifted to the hands of the partisan prosecution with the expansion of mandatory sentencing. Mandatory minimum sentencing is a system which sets minimum jail sentences for crimes, which not even judges can overturn. In the decades afterRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws Should Be Legal1150 Words   |  5 Pagesfill up our prison system. The United States has only five percent of the world s population, but it has houses 25 percent of its prisoners, which is around 2.2 million people (Collier, 2014). One of the main reasons the United States has become the prison capital of the world is due to the hard stance on all drugs. This stance led to the use of mandatory minimum sentencing laws to keep drug offenders locked up for longer than t hey should be. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws are laws that requireRead MoreThe Sentencing Policy And The Criminal Justice System1065 Words   |  5 Pagesdetail in offering information based on the given topics. The current criminal justice policy that I’ve chosen was the sentencing policy. The sentencing policy was put together to reach every type of case that could possibly be seen in the criminal justice system. Here we will further discuss the sentencing policy, a case that I found to be a great example to understand the sentencing policy and how it can be overused, then we will move into how this policy have been informed by the rational choice