`` I Too, Sing America And Countee Cullen s Incident

Have you ever wondered what it is like to be looked at like you are inferior to others? Like you are less intelligent and less trustworthy? All because of the fact that the color of your skin is different than what is believed to be â€Å"normal?† During the 1920s and 1930s, this was a very common occurrence, whereas now it is an extremely rare happening. African Americans missed out on numerous opportunities because whites felt as if they should not have them. Because this was such a common event during the Jazz Age, it was often written about in literature pieces. Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† and Countee Cullen’s â€Å"Incident† display these limitations put on a specific race (African Americans), and show how the country has†¦show more content†¦Langston Hughes’ â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† was published in 1945. This poem envisions a day in which both races will be equivalent and able to eat together at the same table. The poem starts off with Hughes saying â€Å"I, Too, sing America† (Hughes, 1945, line #). Langston s use of the word â€Å"too† shows that he wishes to be included in the population that is called â€Å"America.† In addition, he used the verb sing. This may date back to the African American tradition of tribal songs. Furthermore, slaves would often sing songs of liberation while working on plantations. In using the word â€Å"sing,† he is informing the people of America that he is included in this group and is doing so in his own culturally rich way. In addition he is further stating that he, too, has a voice and can make a prominent contribution to the country, whether or not they believe he can. The second stanza begins by saying â€Å"I am the darker brother† (Hughes, 1945, line #). This is referring to his skin color and the fact that he is African American, and even though his skin color is different, he is still a â€Å"bro ther,† or an American citizen and should not be treated differently for that. The rest of the stanza says â€Å"They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong† (Hughes, 1945, line #). Because he was sent to a different room to eat when companyShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Depression And Its Effects On American Society1331 Words   |  6 Pagesyou think positive about the so called negative aspects of life then you will be happy, and happiness leads to success. Being black in America today is not nearly as difficult as it was in the past. Although in present times there are many different forms of prejudices, but it is not as public as it used to be. Throughout history, black people were brought to America as slaves only to help build the country, the white people had no intention of African men and women becoming a vital part to the countryRead MoreEssay on Langston Hughess I, Too and Countee Cullens Incident1074 Words   |  5 PagesThe poems, â€Å"I, Too† by Langston Hughes and â€Å"Incident† by Countee Cullen employ visual imagery, tone, literary devices such as hyperboles, symbolism, and foreshadowing in different ways to illustrate the public life interaction between two different races, and the private life of an African American’s internal struggle of not being able to fight against the prejudice towards them. Both poets share racism as their piece of life, and although dealing with racism is the central tens ion engaged in theRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Harlem Renaissance2310 Words   |  10 Pagesthe opposite of love, which is hate. The poetry I chose that dealt with how African Americans not only survive with racism but learned how to defeat it. During the 1920’s and 1930’s African Americans began to face a reality that they were not first class citizens in America. This led to the the creation of the Harlem Renaissance movement that strove to promote African American in the Fine Arts. The African American poets Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Claude Mckay were all part of the HarlemRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagessuccess! In the first half of the poem, I said that our school had the finest teachers there ever were. And in the latter half, I said our class was the greatest class ever graduated. Naturally, everybody applauded loudly. In 1916, the Clark family moved to Cleveland and lived in a basement apartment. Housing for blacks was almost nonexistent, and rents were high because of the migration of Southern blacks to Northern industrial cities during World War I. White European immigrants also lived in

Depression Can Boost Your Back Pain - 808 Words

Depression Can Boost Your Back Pain Overview For a man to be considered healthy, he must be healthy both physically and mentally. If the mental aspect is affected in some way then consequently the mental aspect is affected. This is indeed true. Take for example people who have chronic pain. The probability of them suffering from anxiety and depression is pretty high as compared to other people. If you suffer from severe, long lasting back pain then you need to have your mental health checked. Back pain and Depression For a long time, we have known the connection between these two diseases. If you experience pain, the there is a possibility of stress resulting and consequently you get depressed. According to Dr Joseph Garbely, DO, chief medical officer of Friends Hospital in Philadelphia, depression is a risk factor for people suffering from chronic back pain. They are four times more likely to suffer from depression as compared to the general population. The severity is directly proportional in that the more the pain, the worse the depression. While most of us may have known the above facts, what may be new is the reverse connection; depression can indeed trigger back pain. A study published on the Journal of pain by Dr Linda Caroll, a professor in the U of A in the Department of Public Health Sciences, in the University of Alberta showed that depression may be a sign of the onset of back pains and neck pain. Although it’s a new finding, there is evidence to support this.Show MoreRelatedThe Big Scary Word Stress1244 Words   |  5 Pagesword alone may be enough to set your nerves on edge. We as deal with stress on a daily basis whether it is from traffic jams or to major life events or changes like divorce or job loss. When we are healthy and the stress is short lived we are usually able to recover without too much wear and tear on our overall health. 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This increase in a person’s metabolis m allows the body to burn fat, which then increases energy levels, reduces blood pressure, and can decrease the chances of liver or heart failure. It is also said that working out in the morning will help lose extra fat throughout the day (Logan). Weightlifting can also help with problems such as depression. During a workout the body enhances theRead MoreA Brief Note On Depression And Its Effects On Our Lives950 Words   |  4 PagesHow To Prevent Depression Also known as the â€Å"common cold† of mental disorders, depression affects nearly 121 million people worldwide and almost 80% of them don’t even receive specific treatment. Some researchers even believe that in approximately 20 years, depression will be more widespread than dental caries. Apart from the devastating psychological effects, depression also increases the risk of: heart disease, stroke, obesity and sleep disorders. 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Do not panic if the breastfeeding sessions don’t go as smoothly as you thought they would. Both your baby and you will need to learn the tricks of the trade. Why should you breastfeed? Breastfeeding is a skill most mothersRead MoreWith An Estimated 9.3% Of Americans Currently Living With1662 Words   |  7 Pagesestimated 9.3% of Americans currently living with major depression or bipolar disorder, according to the NIMH, the safety of antidepressant drugs is at the forefront of many pharmaceutical discussions. At present, the most common drugs used to treat the debilitating lethargy, anxiety, and fatigue often associated with major depression fall into three key categories based upon mechanism of action: SSRIs, Tricyclics, and MAOIs. Since major depression and bipolar disorder are characterized by imbalances

Management Program for Prepubertal Children Effective Appraisal

Question: Describe about the Management Program for Prepubertal Children for Effective Appraisal. Answer: As per Edmunds et al., the predominant impact of obesity in age groups prior to puberty has been noticed in major research work prior to the provided paper of Dr. Golley. The study in the research paper is characterized by the analysis of parenting skills and their impact on the modification of child behavior according to their age. The parents have to apprehend the necessity of behavioral modifications in different methods (Edmunds et al., 2014). The exposure or intervention observed in the research paper directs towards the randomized control trial of 111 overweight children in age group of 6-9 years. The intervention comprised of two weight management strategies including the delivery of parenting skills training and the provision of parental skills training complemented with comprehensive lifestyle training. As per Friend et al the control group was assumed in the form of waitlisted group awaiting intervention and was subject to observation for 12 months (Friend et al., 2015). Th e parents involved in each intervention group were administered with distinct levels of parental training modules which reflected on the individual needs of social modeling for tackling the issue of obesity in children especially in age groups prior to puberty. The outcome of the study was found in the background noted in the social issues with the distinct blocks stratified according to the recruitment site and gender. The study design could be observed as a 3-block strategy primarily designed through computer applications. According to Golley et al, the different responsibilities of the research activity such as data collection, recruitment, intervention delivery, participant allocation and randomization were assigned to specific individuals (Golley et al., 2007). The study population could be clearly observed in the families which were selected through different recruitment methods such as newsletters in schools and media publicity over the course of a year. As per the research o f Gillette et al., the impact of distinct behavioral traits on the capability of parents to assist in curbing the obesity in children among 6 to 9 years of age could be apprehended as the outcome of the research paper. Exposure in case of the research assumes application in form of a three distinct layered strategy which is implemented through the different parental skills training, waitlisted group and intensive lifestyle education (Gillette et al., 2014). The prominent resources implied in the research include the triple P resources which indicates positive parenting program. The intensive education for parents was complemented with additional sessions for lifestyle support. According to Hughes et al, the outcomes of the study indicated that the impact of the training in parenting skills alongside intensive education was reliable in moderating the BMI, weight and metabolic quotients (Hughes et al., 2015). Parenting skills training alone also contributed to feasible development in the treatment of children and the reduction in BMI scores in three groups over the years as observed in different intervention groups. The reduction in BMI scores by 45% in the personal skills training and intensive education intervention group is a profound indicator of intervention outcome. The research findings could be evaluated from a non-casual perspective citing the requirement of identifying ambiguity, chance variation and bias due to measurement or selection. The critical explanation of the distinct outcomes in context of ambiguity could be found in the observation of similar outcomes in case of intervention groups with parenting skills training as well as those with parenting skills training and intensive lifestyle education. As per Jasik et al, outcome suggests that the provision of additional lifestyle support education did not have any formidable impact on the reduction in BMI scores or metabolic health profiles of the participants (Jasik et al., 2015). The impacts of chance variation have to be considered as the necessary ingredient for the research as the data implemented for monitoring the BMI and metabolism index are collected with a substantial degree of error observed in each variable. The impact of other hormonal effects, medication and psychological e ffects also requires an evaluation in context of the research issue for illustrating a lucid impression of the chance variation prospects. Furthermore, the measurement and selection bias could be reviewed as a profound aspect of the research study which suggests uniform weight and body measurement standards for prevention of chance variations and the intervention is also associated with relaxing messages assuring lack of gender stereotyping. As per Nguye, the issues of measurement bias could be observed in the errors which are imperatively found in the data measured especially the body weight, age, height, BMI and waist circumference (Nguye, 2015). The cumulative evaluation of data could create various ambiguities in terms of measurement bias. Selection bias could be observed in the research topic as per a casual explanation as the selection of participants for the study could be contradicted on the basis of involvement of distinct personnel. The randomization of base line measureme nts could also be subjected to the impact of facets such as socioeconomic status and the anthropometry or measurement of physical traits across different anthropological sects. According to O'Connor et al, the evaluation for the program could be considered as a monitoring initiative responsible for adaptations and appropriate attendance at the sessions was considered as explanation of an outcome exposure relationship from a non-causal perspective (O'Connor et al., 2015). The participants also created issues which led to chance variation alongside confounding since some participants withdrew from the training program. The increase in height was also a prominent characteristic outcome of the research. However, the impact of intervention on groups and waitlisted groups indicate different implications suggesting the underlying effect of factors such as age and behavioral adaptations. The research outcomes are hence found to be characterized by a prominent association with the chances of ambiguity, selection bias, chance variation and measurement bias. As per the research of Santa Maria, the prominent confounding observed in the research is also related to selection bias as 64% of the participants are female and it is also seen that 44% parents were obese and 34 percent are considered overweight which suggests a formidable confusion in the flexibility of outcomes (Santa Maria et al., 2014). The baseline measurement and the stratified period of time utilized for the execution of research activity and the improvement of body statistics of the participants i.e. the children. According to Skelton, Martin Irby, while the control group is established in the form of a section of the participants waitlisted for intervention for 12 months, it is not necessarily determined that they showed no signs of improvement (Skelton, Martin Irby, 2016). The only prominent assumption which could be presented in the context is the relatively higher impact of P+DA training. The differen t factors which are also concerned with the non-causal explanation of research outcomes further refer to the distinct variables such as total cholesterol, gender, blood pressure, BMI, posthoc analysis and the utilization of SPSS for analyzing the research inputs. The test for causal explanation could be derived only through association with response which is one of the significant indicators. The dose-response association is determined through the determination of outcome following the intervention in a specific context. As per Twiddy et al, the participants selected in the research were subjected to distinct interventions and hence could be considered as responsive to a certain amount of moderation. The distinct activities noted for the validation of dose-response relationship in the exposure and outcome could be seen as the change in the strategy of tackling prepubertal obesity (Twiddy et al., 2012). Rather than emphasizing on the child for decreasing weight, parents were divided into groups and were consulted for specific intervention sessions. The dose response relationship between the exposure and the outcome is effective for the research activity since the association determines the feasibility of outcomes derived from a particular doma in of study. The sample size obtained for the research was 28 for each groups and the application of the sample sizes for deriving depreciation in BMI mean values from the baseline of 0.26+-0.49 and the significance level is assumed to be 0.05 obtained from a 2-sided perspective. The dropout rate has also been considered for determining the requirement of considering dropout rates essentially at 20 to 50 percent and therefore selection of sample sizes are enough for obtaining relevant research outcomes. The baseline variables included age, parental weight, growth potential, socioeconomic status, weight description, ethnicity and gender. Secondary analysis is executed for resolving the ambiguity pertaining to gender and analysis of families having greater than 75% attendance in the training sessions (Skelton, Martin Irby, 2016). The establishment of the relationship between exposure and outcome has to be critically reviewed with the references to findings of the research. Sixty four percent of the sample population was found out to be above 8 years of age and obesity was also clearly anticipated in the findings. Around 82 individuals were obese and the dual parent families alongside the demographic information indicating majority of white ancestry. The share of parents associated with overweight problems and obesity issues include 34% and 44% respectively and the prominent differences related to the family characteristics and child behavioral traits. The dose-response relationship could be estimated in the prominent effect of the three intervention groups noticed differently in context of BMI status, metabolic profiles, waist circumference and height. The reductions in the BMI scores over the course of 12 months suggest an almost similar range of results observed in the different intervention groups such as P, P+DA and WLC group. As per Jasik et al, the growth in BMI was observed predominantly in the WLC group at a rate of 45% as compared to 24% and 19% in the P+DA and P groups and therefore, indicates that the intervention or the exposure has presented a formidable impact through the administration of the intervention in measured proportions and thus obtain relevant responses (Jasik et al., 2015). The research results also nee d to be evaluated for relevancy to the topic of study. The findings in terms of variables such as waist circumference and BMI are considered as relevant to the study and the relevancy could be tested against the objectives of the research paper. As per the research of Gillette et al, First of all, the research objectives to find the impact of parenting skills and training on the reduction of obesity in children within the age group of pre puberty primarily range from 6 to 11 years (Gillette et al., 2014). The intervention groups were specifically designed to monitor the varying levels of impact of the parenting skills training and alternative support education for lifestyle improvement. Hence the research findings could provide a basic impression of the directions in which the research variables affect the outcome. Furthermore, the establishment of a control group serves as a precedent for the research activity as it illustrated the impact of non intervention groups on obesity manag ement. The findings observed in case of the WLC groups helped to obtain a frame of reference for comparing the findings of the P+DA and P groups. The findings obtained in the research paper were also indicative of references to the other influencing factors such as gender disparity, weight status, parental weight status and socioeconomic standing. However, the association of the research outcomes with evidence from earlier studies also deserves a profound mention as they help in reviewing the authenticity of the research findings in case of the present research topic. The ambiguities in precedents could also lead to several superfluous pitfalls in research findings which could be limited with the moderation of distinct facets such as methods for data collection, establishment of supervision standards and enhancing the data analysis methods (Golley et al., 2007). The correspondence of research outcomes with the exiting evidence from other studies could be helpful in determining the areas of insufficiency in the research activity and thereby impose remedial measures. The association of the selected research paper with other prof ound evidence refers to the research findings based in Israel. The evidences from the research also suggests the significance of parenting as a potential resource for managing issues of excessive weight in children prior to the age of puberty. The study was carried out on a sample population of 50 individuals comprising largely of children within the age group of six to eleven years. The reports from the research findings indicated that if parents assumed responsibility for managing weight issues of children prior to puberty, then the consistent follow up till a period of 8 years leads to induction of a formidable lifestyle modification. The participants i.e. children implemented major transformations in their lifestyles through the implementation of strategies by parents such as initiation and sustenance of recommended and healthy dietary habits. The other evidence acquired from the studies which are relevant to the selected research paper includes the reference to impression of pa rents that they have adequate information pertaining to child nutrition and therefore they are completely aware of the requirements of their children. This perception is also noticed in context of the selected research paper as the distinct intervention groups are designed with parenting skills training as the primary aspect of intervention alongside the improved and intensive training on lifestyle support. These factors are perceived as foremost influences on the parenting skills training and reduction in obesity of children and therefore relate to evidences in other studies and models. The implications of plausibility of the outcomes in context of a biological mechanism can be evaluated from the viewpoint of the physiological indicators determined from the research outcome. The metabolic health outcomes serve as the platform for validating the plausibility of research outcomes as biological mechanism and in this case, the differences were minimal and the impact of the intervention groups could be barely observed in context of the biological mechanism indicators. However, the findings were slightly altered in the first six months which indicate reduction in diastolic blood pressure and with limited variations at the end of 12 months. The comparative reduction in the six month duration could be validated by the impact of drastic changes in lifestyle (Friend et al., 2015). Generalisability can be perceived as the representation of external validity and it indicates the relevancy of application of research outcomes in case of the source population. The source population could be defined as the sample population subjected to study. The result findings indicate that the generalisability of the research outcomes can be verified from two distinct perspectives. First of all, the research outcomes have to applicable in the case of selected sample only and the second perspective refers to the overall population. Therefore, the study findings could be considered externally valid since the outcomes of the intervention applied for the research indicate profound association with changes in weight management strategies due to the improvement of parenting skills training. Furthermore, the individual research findings refer to the reduction in BMI scores of different intervention groups alongside the metabolic health profiles could be applicable in the case of presen t population. The evidences from the different case studies in the past such as in an Israeli research study indicate the feasibility of the outcomes in diverse contexts of population and thereby realize the prospects of external validation (Hughes et al., 2015). Apart from the minimal instances of critical gaps, the research findings are also applicable in a wider population context since the outcomes of the research indicate modification of lifestyle as well as behavioral traits of parents rather than embarking on management of the individual or the child for weight management. The application of the research outcomes for designing strategies incorporated with measures through which parents can initiate healthy and recommended diet practices for their children. The implications of socioeconomic and demographic factors have been minimal only with the exception of gender in the research outcomes and hence the outcomes could be considered as generalisable in context of the global pop ulation also. References Edmunds, L.D., Rennie, K.L., King, S. and Mayhew, H., 2014. Experiences of those Taking Part in the BeeZee Bodies Family-Based Weight Management Intervention: A Qualitative Evaluation.International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition,3(4), pp.163-169. Friend, S., Fulkerson, J., Flattum, C., Horning, M., Olson, C., Barlow, T. and Neumark-Sztainer, D., 2015. Cooking With Kids in Rural Minnesota: Family Meals and Interest in Family-Focused, Community-Based, Healthful-Eating Programs.Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior,47(4), p.S9. Golley, R.K., Magarey, A.M., Baur, L.A., Steinbeck, K.S. and Daniels, L.A., 2007. Twelve-month effectiveness of a parent-led, family-focused weight-management program for prepubertal children: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics,119(3), pp.517-525. Gillette, M.L.D., Stough, C.O., Beck, A.R., Maliszewski, G., Best, C.M., Gerling, J.K. and Summar, S., 2014. Outcomes of a Weight Management Clinic for Children with Special Needs.Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics,35(4), pp.266-273. Hughes, S., Power, T., Johnson, S., Parker, L., Beck, A., Overath, I., Betz, D., Goodell, L.S. and Lanigan, J., 2015. Development of a Family Focused Child Obesity Prevention Program.Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior,47(4), p.S106. Jasik, C.B., King, E.C., Rhodes, E., Sweeney, B., Mietus-Snyder, M., Grow, H.M., Harris, J.M., Lostocco, L., Estrada, E., Boyle, K. and Tucker, J.M., 2015. Characteristics of Youth Presenting for Weight Management: Retrospective National Data from the POWER Study Group.Childhood Obesity,11(5), pp.630-637. Nguyen, B., Shrewsbury, V.A., O'Connor, J., Lau, C., Steinbeck, K.S., Hill, A.J. and Baur, L.A., 2015. A process evaluation of an adolescent weight management intervention: findings and recommendations.Health promotion international,30(2), pp.201-212. O'Connor, J.N., Golley, R.K., Perry, R.A., Magarey, A.M. and Truby, H., 2015. A longitudinal investigation of overweight children's body perception and satisfaction during a weight management program.Appetite,85, pp.48-51. Santa Maria, D., Swartz, M.C., Markham, C., Chandra, J., McCurdy, S. and Basen-Engquist, K., 2014. Exploring Parental Factors Related to Weight Management in Survivors of Childhood Central Nervous System Tumors. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing,31(2), pp.84-94. Skelton, J.A., Martin, S. and Irby, M.B., 2016. Satisfaction and attrition in paediatric weight management.Clinical obesity. Twiddy, M., Wilson, I., Bryant, M. and Rudolf, M., 2012. Lessons learned from a family-focused weight management intervention for obese and overweight children.Public health nutrition,15(07), pp.1310-1317.

The Imf And The Bretton Woods Agreements Essays -

The Imf And The Bretton Woods Agreements The international financial system has been radically altered since the worldwide depression of the late 1920's and early 1930's. This change is due in large part to the inception of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its subsequent control over the international financial system. In this paper I will examine the extensive role of the Bretton Woods system of exchange rates and the gold standard. Additionally, I will examine the role that the IMF has taken on since the demise of the gold standard. To begin, we must examine the circumstances that surround the creation of the IMF, who the actors are and what each of their roles are as member countries. The IMF was created as a result of the worldwide market collapse that took place initially in October of 1929. The domino effect that took place when the first market crashed was seen to be a situation so severe that world powers felt that drastic measures needed to be taken to ensure that this was the last global financial crisis that the world would face. Its creation in 1944 was the beginning of a new era for the international financial system. The creation of the IMF occurred at Bretton Woods along with the World Bank and the system of fixed exchange rates and the gold standard for currency. Under this system, the US dollar was tied to gold by a United States government commitment to buy it at $35.00 and ounce and sell to central banks at the same price (excluding handling and other charges). Other participating countries maintained the exchange values of their currencies at prices which were almost fixed in terms of the dollar (the values fluctuate normally not more than one percent on either side of their parities), with the result that exchange rates were almost universally fixed. Other governments carried out their commitments by selling internationally acceptable liquid resources when there was an excess demand for foreign currencies in terms of their own currencies, and by buying liquid resources when there was an excess supply. What constituted internationally acceptable resources for this purpose were gold, and oth er liquid assets denominated in ?key? or reserve currencies, principally US dollars or UK pounds sterling. The IMF was to ensure that these standards were being followed as well as being the lender for temporary deficits, and balance of payment problems. Each member country contributed a predefined amount, or quotas, of national currencies and gold. This quota also determines the voting power on the IMF and the amount of resources that they may draw on from the Fund. Designed to foster monetary cooperation, the IMF sought to enforce strict rules of behaviour in a world based on the gold standard and fixed currency-exchange rates. The Fund had, in theory, strict rules regarding how much to lend and when it was to be repaid. In reality, however, the Fund had discretion to waive any normal limitations. In 1961 with the advent of the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB), the Fund increased its ability to lend through arrangements to borrow from 10 major industrial countries. At the time, these agreements had enabled the IMF to have and additional $6 billion at its disposal. The Gold Standard, in theory, functioned to limit the ability of governments to issue currency at will, hence decreasing the purchasing power of money. It existed before the Bretton Woods agreement, but was suspended for reasons that we will see later. If, for example, the US dollar were defined as equal to 1/20 of an ounce of gold, then the number of dollars that the United States could issue would be constrained by its holdings of gold reserves. Moreover, if the UK defined its currency, the pound sterling, as 5/20 of an ounce of gold, the fixed exchange rate between the US and the UK, quite obviously would be $5 USD=?1 sterling. One specific problem with specie standards (that is a currency convertible into a standardised unit of a non-monetary commodity) is that the value of money is only as valuable as the specie backing it. When worldwide gold production was low in the 1870's and 1880's, the money supply grew slowly, leading to a general

Effects of Classical Body to Environmental Thought

Egypt and Mummification essays

Egypt and Mummification essays Ancient Egypt Ancient civilizations are studied today to help us understand more about our worlds past and what has brought us to where we are today. Our findings have not only answered questions, but also brought us to ask questions. Perhaps one of the most studied and yet least understood civilizations ever were the Ancient Egyptians. Located in northern Africa, Egypt is a country unlike any other that is situated on the vast continent. Ancient towns that once thrived have now been reduced to mostly rubble. Intriguing artifacts have been discovered over time that help us to understand what it was like to have lived back then. One of the keys to understanding the ancient civilization is the Rosetta stone. This artifact was discovered in 1799 and helps us even today to interpret the writings of the ancient hieroglyphics. Egypts history, religion, and beliefs were left on these hieroglyphics. Some of the writings included stories of the kings that ruled during the different dynasties. Gods were also very prominent during this time and played a major role in the way people lived their lives. Not everyone was able to read or write, so people who were able to read or write hieroglyphics were held highly in the community. Children whose families were considered important were able to attend a special school in which they were taught how to read and write. These children would then grow up to become scribes. Scribes seemed to lead a better life than most people because they had power over them. The actual power to read and write was more valuable than food, water, and clothing. Scribes were considered so powerful because they were able to copy sacred texts onto royal books, that were carved into the tomb walls of the kings and queens of Egypt. As in todays society woman had to struggle for equality among men. There is little evidence that women knew how to read or write. It is believe...

Fundamentals of Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fundamentals of Finance - Essay Example The company’s current drill and platform was purchased 3 years ago for  £10M. The firm depreciates the machine using MACRS over a 5 year recovery period when the assets are replaced due to very high maintenance costs. The company’s management estimates that after removal costs are taken into consideration, this platform can be sold for  £3.5M. The company can also buy a new high specification platform at a cost of  £14M plus installation costs of  £1M and still has an estimated life of 5 years. If they decide to go ahead with this purchase then the company’s working capital needs will change; accounts receivable will increase to  £1.5M, accounts payable will also increase to  £1M and inventory will increase to  £2M. Swindon is expected to be able to sell the new, proposed machine at the end of the 5-year period for  £4M while the present machine at the end of the same period is expected to generate  £2.5M. All else equal, the company expects to recover their Net Working Capital Investment at the end of the same period. The company’s tax rate is at 40%. The existing machine is expected to net  £3,500,000 each year for the next 5 years. Along with the C.F.O, the Operations Officer has also laid down the estimated cash flows of the company from the new drilling platform as follows: 1) DEBT: the company can raise an unlimited amount of debt by selling  £1,000 par value, 6.5% coupon interest rate, 10 year bonds on which annual interest payments will be made. To sell the issue, an average discount of  £20 per bond needs to be given. There also is an associated flotation cost of 2% of par value. 2) PREFERRED STOCK: the company can raise an unlimited amount of preferred stock under the following terms; (a) the security has a par value of  £100/share, (b) the annual dividend rate is 6% of the par value, (c) the flotation cost is expected to be  £4 per share. The preferred stock is expected to sell for  £102 before cost considerations.

Marketing Strategy and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Strategy and Planning - Essay Example Many organizations apply marketing concepts like customer focus, good value, quality service and efficient exchange mechanism for satisfying customer need and wants. Organizations based on management information about customers, products, prices, competitors, suppliers and every aspects of the marketing environment are bound to move ahead. 'Marketing' belongs to marketing specialists but 'going to market' is a process owned by everyone in the organization.Due to expansion of new technologies, organizations augmented their geographical reach and could share their information about philosophy, products, and prices to their consumers. Organizations could collect information about markets, customers, prospects and competitors etc., conduct market researches and identify their focus groups. Marketers can customize offerings, services and messages to individual customers due to Internet services. Organizations can significantly improve logistics and cost efficiency while improving accuracy and services quality through the online exchange of information's, orders, transaction, payments etc. So the present information revolution pushed every organization to remain accurate in levels of production, improve their quality, pricing their products properly. Products innovation takes a close look at customers' need and preferences and modify accordingly. Marketing takes a sweet spot in the present organizations." Marketing is too important to leave to the marketing department."(Bill Packard, Hewlett Packard, in Piercy, 1997) Marketing cannot be leave alone to marketing dept. only. Basically, Marketing deals with identifying and meeting human and social needs. Marketing is "meeting need profitably" (Kotler, 2003). Organizations must carefully monitor their customers and competitors, continuously, improve their value offerings, carefully define the target market and value proposition and take a long term view to satisfying customers, stockholders, employees, suppliers and channel partners. The most important marketing definition given by the American Marketing Association (1995) provide us the complete marketing management process i.e. "Marketing (Management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals". Marketing management is the conscious effort to achieve desired exchange outcomes with target markets. The ever changing situation of the market i.e. of buyers, suppliers, customers, employees or technological could change the equilibrium of any organization. Organizations normally adjust to these changes by changing their overall all-round policies and strategies. Any process cannot be successful without proper planning. Market oriented strategic planning provides, the managerial process of developing and maintaining a viable fit between organizations objectives, skills and resources and it changing market opportunities. The aim of strategic planning in to shape the company's business, products, services and messages so they achieve targeted profits and growth. Strategic marketing deals with the bigger picture in a market which links customers, competitors and organizations ability to meet demand. Strategic marketing plan covers the following key areas i.e. Aims and mission, Analysis, Goals, strategies, objectives timescales etc. To define mission, organization should address Peter D rucker's (1973) classical questions: What is our business Who are the customers What is of value to the customer What will our business be What should our business be Successful organizations continuously raise these questions and answer them thoughtfully and thoroughly. Strategic marketing planning could be based on different strategic models such as Boston Consulting Group (BCG) model and General Electric Model (Kerin, Mahajan, Varadrajan, 1990), PESTLE and SWOT analysis, Porters five forces model, Core Competency model, Porters

Why quit smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why quit smoking - Essay Example There are many instances where the smokers give up the habit and then succumb to the temptation. This is because they have made only half-hearted measures to quit smoking and unless one is completely determined to quit, the desire would manifest again and again. Some of the measures like reducing the number of cigarettes one smokes or increasing the interval between successive cigarettes are just temporary solutions and do not lead to any long term de-addiction. There has to be a strong willed desire to quit and the resolve has to be stiff. Though these may seem like harsh words, unfortunately they are the ones that can help in smoking cessation. - There are many who believe that â€Å"tapering† off nicotine usage can lead to quitting smoking. However, studies have indicated that the majority of smokers who quit have done so by abruptly quitting instead of tapering over a period of time. This method calls for will power and resolve and certain modifications to the dietary habits can make a difference. If one can reduce the intake of caffeine, sugar and alcohol, they go a long way in making one move away from nicotine. These are stimulants that aid in a cycle of substance addiction and cessation of any one of these can lead to cessation of the other. The high risk groups are those who take one or more than one of these stimulants in large quantities. - Quitting smoking improves the physical and mental fitness of individuals. So, having an exercise regimen goes a long way in aiding the urge to quit smoking. As they say, a jog around the park can be more addictive than a pack of cigarettes. - The effect of the peer group is one of the most important factors in people deciding to smoke and conversely deciding to quit as well. So, make sure that you get the encouragement of co-workers and friends who do not smoke and try to minimize the

Processing Algorithm For Laser Keyboards Computer Science Essay

Processing Algorithm For Laser Keyboards Computer Science Essay The interface which we use to interact with a computer is a hardware device called the keyboard. There have been drastic changes in the keyboard layouts which have evolved into the designs like those of the DVORAK and QWERTY keyboards. Then came the digital era where almost everything is in the digital form making things simpler to use and smaller in size. As the demand for more computing environments have evolved, new human computer interfaces have been implemented to provide multi-form interactions between users and machines. Nonetheless, the basis for most human to computer interactions remains the traditional keyboard and mouse. Ordinary keyboards are reasonably sized, comfortable and effective. However, they are difficult to carry and often require wiring. To overcome these problems a smaller and more mobile touch typing device has been proposed which does not have any physical support. This device is known as virtual keyboard or zero form factor interface. Introduction In 1999, a proposal was made to use a single tiny sensor to observe the users fingers transforming motions into keystrokes. The main idea was to make a keyboard out of sensors and light, projecting it on desktops, airplane tray tables and any other flat surface. This started a new concept of using a keyboard with a different interface. The virtual keyboard was designed in a way to replace laptops mechanical keyboards, making the devices thinner and lighter. The virtual keyboard is an unbreakable, washable keypad, projected onto a flat surface used in hospital operating rooms, space vehicles and in other computerized environments. Types of Virtual Keyboards 2.1 On Screen keyboard The on-screen keyboard is built in with the windows operating system. This started a revolution of virtual keyboards in this digital era. It allows users with mobility impairments to type data by using a pointing device or joystick. It provides a minimum level of functionality for some people with mobility impairments and also helps users who do not know how to type. It can be used even when there is no external keyboard. It is also referred to sometimes as hot virtual keyboard. A number of advanced features have been enabled to make the on-screen typing easier, faster and more accurate. It lets the users to type accurately and faster by suggesting words based on taps. This technology works similar to the one available in modern mobile phones and communicators, enabling faster and accurate typing by suggesting the correct words after entering a few symbols. This keyboard will be more useful for users of TabletPC, Ultra-mobile PC, PanelPC, CarPC and similar touch-screen devices. The picture below is that of an on-screen keyboard. Figure 1(Tan, D. S., Keyani, P., and Czerwinski, M. 2005) Affordances of On-Screen Keyboard Replacing physical keyboard: The on-screen keyboard is designed in such a way that, it replaces the physical keyboard. The people using the computer systems will find its usage very much helpful. Can do all the work: It functions just like an ordinary keyboard having all the QWERTY keys. It also helps the users from the tedious work of typing. 2.2 Laser Keyboard The laser keyboard actually replaces the traditional keyboard. This can be placed on any kind of flat surface. It can be automatically connected to the nearest device available using the bluetooth technology. It is about the size of a small cellular phone and enables the users to type texts or e-mails as easily as like a ordinary keyboard. It uses a light projection of a full-sized computer keyboard on almost any surface. Used with PDAs and Smart Phones, the virtual keyboard provides a practical way to do e-mail, word processing and spreadsheet tasks, enabling the users to leave laptops and computers at home. The virtual keyboard adaptable technology studies the users finger movements to interpret and record keystrokes. As the virtual keyboard is an image projected by light, it disappears completely when not in use. The picture shown below is that of a laser keyboard. C:Documents and Settingss507046Desktoplaser_keyboard.jpg Figure 2 (Tomasi, C., Rafii, A., and Torunoglu, I. 2003) TECHNICAL ASPECTS: I-Techs opinion was to build everything from scratch. In the process, they designed sensors based on a variety of principles, from the special- purpose structured-light devices called beam trangulators to methods based on the measurement of time and phase1 of returning light pulses invented by Canestas Cyrus Bamji. The main hardware modules used in the architecture of the virtual keyboard are categorized into three modules namely 3-D optical camera, visual feedback and a processing platform. The camera is connected to the platform and to the PC via USB 2.0 interface. Using serial port the feedback communicates with the computer system. The sensors in the camera are designed in such a way that it avoids all other background light. Together, they cost less than a mechanical keyboard, and draw less power than a cell phone. The resulting system feels almost like a mechanical keyboard, even if users feel only the impact of their fingers on the projection surface when typing. The optical system projects the keyboard onto the typing surface; its infrared light source generates an invisible, fan-shaped beam grazing the surface; and its sensing system includes a processing unit. All are in fixed relative positions; no user adjustment is required. The projector is positioned high on the host device. In the simplest sensor, the camera looks down at the typing surface at a shallow angle through a wide lens sensitive only to infrared light. A finger striking the typing surface breaks the infrared beam, thereby becoming visible to the camera. Triangulation then determines the position of the finger on the typing surface. Even with this simple sensor, implementation of the projection keyboard under the constraints of weight, size, power, cost, reliability, and usability has involved formidable technical challenges. Keyboard projection: Most current optical-projection systems mask light to form images at a distance. For instance, in a slide projector, the slide itself blocks part of the light hitting it; the remaining light makes it through the lens and onto the screen, forming the image. This is the basic technique used in the projection of the keyboard on a flat surface. Finger lighting and sensing: When typing, a users useful action occurs in the thin layer of space that separates the hovering and constantly moving fingers from the surface of the keyboard. In a perfect world, an infinitesimally thin sheet of infrared light grazing the typing surface could be used as a trip switch; when a finger intersects the beam, it would also be touching the surface. In this instance, a finger that becomes visible to the camera is a finger that hits a key, and all that is left for the sensor is determining the fingers position by triangulation. Affordances of Laser Keyboard Easy to use: The laser keyboard is very easy to use. It gets connected to an available computer system easily without much effort. Easy to install: It is very easy to install and requires no wiring for it. It uses the Bluetooth technology to get connected to the computer systems. Portable: As it looks like a mobile phone, it is very much portable and is used irrespective of the surface used for typing purposes. It can be used as an ordinary keyboard with adjustable sensors which allow the user to change the size of the keyboard according to his usage. 2.3 Laser Pen Keyboard In the laser pen keyboard the sensors are attached to a device which looks like a pen. The setup also has a projector which displays the keyboard on the screen. When it is integrated with the projector it is merely used as a projecting device which projects just what is being printed on the screen. It can also be connected with a monitor for viewing the display. A picture of the laser pen keyboard is shown below. C:Documents and SettingsS506432DesktopVKBpens5.jpg Figure 3(Retrieved from http://us.gizmodo.com/gadgets/images/laserpen.jpg) Technical interface The sensors in the setup used for projecting the keyboard are the infra red rays. These rays are projected on to a flat surface for better sensing of hovering of the keys. The usage of this keyboard is very convenient as it has no wires to connect. The lithium batteries in the sensors allow us to use this setup continuously for 2 hours of typing. It comes with 63 keys and a full size QWERTY layout which allows the user to be as comfortable as he is with the standard ordinary keyboard. This also has a stylus which allows the users to use the keyboard in a compact area where the resizing of the keyboard becomes a necessity. One of the advantages of using this keyboard is that the size of the keyboard can be altered as per the user. Affordances of Laser Pen Keyboard Simple to use: The setup for the laser pen keyboard is very simple to use. This makes the users to perform tasks in a simpler way. Laser pen keyboard can be connected to any computing device to perform input actions for the device. Connection can be made without using wires or any physical network. Screen Projection: Laser pen keyboard not only has a keyboard projection but also has a screen projection. One pen does the keyboard projection with numbers of keys on keyboard and the other pen does the screen projection which shows the keys which are selected and also actions done on the keyboard. Working of Laser Keyboards: The working of the virtual keyboard consists of five main modules (1) depth map error correction, a camera dependent module based on specific models designed for the range camera, (2) background subtraction, (3) central column estimation, (4) fingertip detection, and (5) keystroke detection. The figure shows the complete working of the basic working implemented in the design of the virtual keyboards. Figure 4(Huan Du, Thierry Oggier, Felix Lustenberger and Edoardo Charbon 2004) A 3D range camera is placed over the input surface with a well-defined angle facing the working area. The size of the working area is limited by the spatial resolution of the camera. The display projector is mounted on the camera which would generate the visual feedback for the keyboard and input information. The camera is adjusted at startup. It assumes the surface as a projection matrix. The keystroke detection is usually done through this projection matrix. This is passed as a map and is processed for error correction. The error correction compensates the errors caused by the unevenness of the surface. The rectified range measurements, combined with gray-scale image, are then subtracted from the reference image. It is then stored as a binary format in the matrix formed. After applying the central column estimation, which is defined as the pixel segments associated with fingers that are good candidates for an event, by searching the local extreme in x-coordinate along the hand boundary, and applying the fingertip detection by extracting features with curve modeling, precise location of fingertips can be found in the hand region. Finally, the keystroke detection is obtained by fitting depth curve applying another feature model, and the corresponding hitting positions are mapped back to the world coordinate system to infer the stricken keys. The updated key status is then sent to visual feedback module to generate refreshed display. The visual feedback module projects a dynamically generated image on to a LCD. When the algorithm used, detects a key-striking event on the surface, an UPDATE command is sent. The command contains the specific key information. It updates the generated display and the user can see the change of keyboard image as a textual or graphical update. The information supplied by the camera allows developing a few simpler and more efficient algorithms to estimate the position of fingertips and to locate the corresponding key. Simplicity and efficiency are key elements to enable real-time and even portable applications. Future and Scope of the Project: Users see this as an emerging technology which helps as an interface to connect to the digital world. Though its use is being restricted to fewer applications now, as users learn more about this, it can be expected that users for this virtual keyboard increase in the near future. However there are a few challenges in this project. The main disadvantage is that of light scattering and close target. And due to this the image resolution becomes low and restricts the user to use it with a large view window. In the future, we may expect that the above said disadvantages will be solved and virtual keyboard will be used on flat surfaces and also on uneven surfaces. The keyboard could also be used on any type of surface like water and so on, so that the user can use the keyboard when ever and where ever necessary. CONCLUSION: More than a decade ago, (Mark Weiser,2000) of Xerox PARC, said, The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. This fundamental unobtrusiveness is the main metric of validity for the fledgling field of electronic perception technology. The virtual keyboard can be termed a great invention in the digital world. Users look forward for it being used in a more effective way than before. Users also can expect the inventors to make an advancement of it in such a way that it can be used on any kind of a surface.

Pros & Cons Essay

Most wireline phone companies charge more than what you’d pay for most alternatives, and some are taxed more as well. There are some locations where getting new wired phone service is prohibitively expensive or even impossible. Long Distance and extra features like Call Waiting are normally included with alternative phones. More Features: Cellular and broadband phones normally include Long Distance, Voice Mail, Caller ID, Call Forwarding and more, usually at no additional charge. They also have Text Messaging and various forms of data service which are unavailable with a landline. Portability: If you move your home more than average (or if it’s on wheels), your phone and your number can stay with you. There are no â€Å"installation† charges. Temporary Usage: You can have phone service for the season in a vacation home or cabin, or on an extended stay at a hotel or home of a friend or relative without installing a separate line. Unlimited Plans: Most alternatives offer a plan that includes Unlimited talk minutes and Long Distance, including cellular. Most cellular carriers have eliminated Unlimited Data plans, although there are some that include Data with some other restrictions. Anonymity: You can easily set up an account (especially prepaid cellular) with either no name or an alternative identity. Fewer Telemarketers: Nuisance calls are reduced because telemarketers want to target customers in certain geographic areas. They won’t know where you are. Most telcos provide your landline number to telemarketers. With cellular it’s illegal†¦ for now. With broadband, it depends on the carrier who sets up your number. Internet Access: Your wireless phone can also be your connection to the Internet, either with an internal browser or tethered to your computer, and available wherever there is cellular coverage. Wireless broadband is also available separate from your cellular account. Wi-Fi for Multiple Devices: You can get a cellular modem that provides a wi-fi signal that can connect to up to 5 separate wi-fi devices. It’s Green: Replace your fax with an Internet-based fax service like eFax or MyFax. com and stop wasting paper and ink. (Give your old fax to charity) Attitude: Some wired phone companies just treat their customers badly. Sometimes it feels better to leave†¦ at any price. Take your broadband wherever you go – A mobile broadband connection is exactly that, which means that you can access your emails, check the sports results or watch YouTube videos no matter where you are, provided you have 3G reception. Stop paying for line rental – Millions of people continue to pay for line rental on a home phone landline that they rarely use, just so that they can get broadband at home. With mobile broadband, there’s no need to pay line rental – potentially saving you over ? 100 a year. Plug and play technology – All the software you need to connect to the internet is automatically installed when you first plug your USB modem into your laptop – no need to set it up or call a technical support helpline. Flexible options available – Mobile broadband customers can take advantage of some really great pay as you go tariffs from as little as ? 2 a day, or rolling one-month packages, meaning they only ever pay for what they actually need. Con’s: Safety: If you need to call 911, public safety authorities won’t automatically know where you are, you’ll have to tell them. Also, calls with alternative phones will not necessarily be routed to the closest agency. Also, you won’t receive â€Å"Reverse 911† calls alerting you to a public emergency in your neighborhood unless your local emergency center allows you to sign up your number and associate it with a local address. Security: Some businesses will not allow you to use their services without a traceable land line. This includes credit card companies, pizza shops and a few others, although this rule is slowly being relaxed. Satellite TV services want a landline-like plug for their equipment to call them each night. It does work with some broadband phone systems. Your satellite service can still work without it, but you will most likely pay an extra charge. Reliability: Wired telephone services have come as close to 100% reliable as is practical. Their network has substantial power backup, redundant circuits and years to get it right. Alternatives are improving but their networks can vary significantly. Cell sites and other communications nodes have a limited amount of backup power. In an extended power outage, such as after a hurricane or snowstorm, the service may not work, leaving you with no service. Corded phones work in power failures. Cable phones also have a lower level of reliability. Sound Quality: Some alternative phones don’t sound the same or as good as a landline. While your alternative phone may sound fine to you, it may be difficult for others. Also, some broadband phone services just dump their audio into the Internet resulting in widely varying data travel times giving you significant sound delays. Lack of Service: You may be in a location where there are no wireless broadband alternatives or may have poor cellular coverage. This might be rectified by adding a ‘cell site’ to your home. Broadband Speeds: While there are some fairly fast wireless broadband connections, it may be some time before they will compare to wired or cable connections. Malfunctions: Cell sites can stop working for various reasons. Repairs often need to be made on site and may take time. Broadband services require one or more pieces of equipment at your house which you will need to fix if it fails. Wireline equipment can normally be repaired at the central office. Murphy’s Law says breakdowns will happen at the worst possible time. You Have No Backup: Unless you have an extra cellular phone, if something happens to your main phone or its associated equipment, or your account, you can’t just plug another phone into the wall. Inconvenience: Some alternative services only offer a single jack for one phone. If you want service throughout the house you either must go wi-fi or cellular. Otherwise, plan on using the phone near your computer or router. With a cell phone you need to keep it close to you if your home is large or on multiple floors. It Might be Difficult to Get a Job: Some employers require a â€Å"Local† number to consider you for a position. While you can change your out-of-town portable number to something local, there goes your â€Å"Number For Life. † Surprise Costs. Since you normally pay for cellular by the minute, you might talk a lot more than you think. Savings may be less than you expected when calculated long term. Broadband carriers are not regulated like wireline services and could make changes that you don’t expect. You Won’t Be Listed in the Phone Book. Some directories let you to pay for a personal listing, but others use that as a way to keep you as a landline customer. Alarm systems. Most existing dial-up alarm systems don’t work with broadband phone connections. There are other alarm alternatives, including wireless. You May Not Be Able to Send or Receive Faxes. In some cases, faxing is not an issue. In others, you can’t just plug in your fax machine. A better choice is to to use a paperless, web-based service like eFax or MyFax. com. Low download limits – Even the most generous of mobile broadband tariffs only offer a download allowance of 15GB per month, and that could set you back ? A  month on a two-year contract, while typical value packages offer less than 5GB a month. High costs for exceeding your limit – Most mobile broadband providers charge a fee when you exceed your download limit. This is normally several pence per MB and costs can very quickly add up if you’re not careful. Always keep an eye on your usage. Slower connections – Although suppliers might advertise speeds of up to 10 or 12Mb, mobile broadband speeds rarely exceed the average of around 1Mb. This, combined with the tight usage limits, makes mobile broadband unsuitable for large downloads. Coverage – Most of the UK is covered by the 3G mobile network, but coverage can be patchy in some rural areas, with speeds significantly slower in some parts of the country, so you should always check coverage in your area before signing up. PROS OF FIXED LINE NETWORK Reliability Land line/fix line phones can be more reliable than their cellular counterparts. Disconnected cables can disable land lines, but these problems are easily remedied. On the other hand, cellular phones are plagued by several different issues because they rely on a network of radio waves, cellular towers and satellites. In some areas, cellular service is plagued by dropped calls and fuzzy reception. Emergencies The reliability of land line phones makes them advantageous when it comes to emergencies. For example, if someone is hurt and needs immediate medical care, you do not have to worry about contending with poor reception. Land lines also provide a fixed location that emergency responders can rush to. On a cell phone, you must state your address or describe your location, which wastes precious time during a crisis. Sponsored Links

Essay on Hiv

Home reading. As my qualification paper is devoted to the global health, I decided to analyze 4 newspaper articles from BBC, The Guardian and the NY Times concerning the cure for HIV/AIDS. In all the articles the topic of possible existence of the cure for HIV is discussed. They scientists from different world laboratories share their opinion on the right way of creation of this vaccine. It is extremely hard to find the appropriate therapy for patients, because the virus has a tendency to a very rapid mutation.So while the scientists are creating the drug for a patient according to his analyzes, the virus can change in a day and the treatment won’t be effective. Some scientists think that it’s necessary to create a cocktail of many steams of the HIV virus and then create one vaccine. But it will take a very long time and too much many. Moreover the reaction of the patient’s organism can be unpredictable. Other specialists presume that it’s important to pay attention to those patients who carry the neutralizing antibodies in their organisms.Because the cells that produce antibodies have to go through up to 100 mutations before they make neutralizing ones, Dr. Fauci said, a vaccine to induce that would require many shots, given month after month, to â€Å"push† the cells through those mutations. But the problem is that only 20 percent of the infected have the neutralizing antibodies in their organisms. There are two officially registrated cases when a patient didn’t have a virus in his blood after medical treatment.The first one was in Germany, when a patient with a destroyed immune system, induced by his cancer disease, was transplanted with a stem cell from a donor with a rare genetic mutation that resists HIV infection. The second case took place in the US with a new-born baby in a rural hospital, whose mother just received a positive HIV reaction. The treatment continued for 18 months from the first days of life of th is little baby-girl. After the treatment the scientists were astonished not to find the signs of the virus in her blood.But unfortunately not everything is so easy because this kind of treatment doesn’t suit to adults. The virus in the adult’s organism has already made a mutation and after several years of being infected the virus will infect all the cells in the body and then hides in the DNA, where it will be impossible to cure. On the other hand, 80 percent of all the infected live in the African countries where the possibilities to be cured and appropriate drugs are extremely poor. To conclude my essay I would like to say that an HIV pandemic has become a serious problem of our world.No one is safe enough not be infected by the virus. Nowadays there’s still no single way of treatment that can heal every patient. But the only thing that the scientists wanted us to remember that HIV virus is easier to prevent than to cure. Scientists use the most sophisticated technologies for eliminating this disease all over the world, but many people still don’t know usual requirements for protecting their health. It’s necessary to understand that your momentary pleasure can worth you a long-life HIV treatment. Internet resources: ) http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/health-21653463 – Analysis: A cure for HIV? By James Gallagher. 2) http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-us-canada-21651225 – US HIV baby ‘cured' by early drug treatment 3) http://www. nytimes. com/2013/04/04/health/aids-vaccine-path-suggested-by-study. html? ref=aids&_r=1& – Possible Path to Vaccine for AIDS Is Suggested. By DONALD G. Mcneil Jr. 4) http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/sarah-boseley-global-health/2012/jul/19/hiv-infection-infectiousdiseases? INTCMP=SRCH – A cure for Aids?

Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered

A historian's task becomes difficult work when an observed incident lacks the logical cause and effect that normally expects from history. The art of dissecting an incident such as this can take centuries, if not more, to accurately expose the incident using multiple interpretations. In Chapter 2 of James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle's After the Fact, the Salem Witch Trials are subject to multiple interpretations, which can both stand on their own, or be intertwined with other interpretations. Davidson and Lytle refer to two of these interpretations as the Visible Salem and Invisible Salem. The Visible Salem refers to the social, economic, religious, and geographical dynamic of the town of Salem. The Invisible Salem refers to the hysteria caused by physical and psychological manifestations of the effects of an "invisible world" of demons, witches, and a Satan who was out to corrupt all. Although each explanation can be viewed as a concrete interpretation of the facts, it seems more logical that truth can be found in both the Visible and Invisible Worlds of Salem. The Invisible Salem seems to serve the conflict mounting within the social, economic, religious, and geographical Visible Salem. When Salem was settled, a small number of houses were built on a Peninsula that stretches into Massachusetts Bay. This constituted Salem Town, which became a center of commerce and a bustling port town that traded with England. As time passed it drew more and more settlers, who were forced to settle farther west into an agrarian village. As the village began to grow larger and larger, outlying areas began to desire succession from the town. In After the Fact, this problem is simply boiled down to money: "Everyone paid taxes to support a minister for the town church, to maintain the roads, and to care for the poor. If a chunk of the village split off, revenue would be lost" (Davidson & Lytle, 38). This caused rising tensions bet... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered A historian's task becomes difficult work when an observed incident lacks the logical cause and effect that normally expects from history. The art of dissecting an incident such as this can take centuries, if not more, to accurately expose the incident using multiple interpretations. In Chapter 2 of James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle's After the Fact, the Salem Witch Trials are subject to multiple interpretations, which can both stand on their own, or be intertwined with other interpretations. Davidson and Lytle refer to two of these interpretations as the Visible Salem and Invisible Salem. The Visible Salem refers to the social, economic, religious, and geographical dynamic of the town of Salem. The Invisible Salem refers to the hysteria caused by physical and psychological manifestations of the effects of an "invisible world" of demons, witches, and a Satan who was out to corrupt all. Although each explanation can be viewed as a concrete interpretation of the facts, it seems more logical that truth can be found in both the Visible and Invisible Worlds of Salem. The Invisible Salem seems to serve the conflict mounting within the social, economic, religious, and geographical Visible Salem. When Salem was settled, a small number of houses were built on a Peninsula that stretches into Massachusetts Bay. This constituted Salem Town, which became a center of commerce and a bustling port town that traded with England. As time passed it drew more and more settlers, who were forced to settle farther west into an agrarian village. As the village began to grow larger and larger, outlying areas began to desire succession from the town. In After the Fact, this problem is simply boiled down to money: "Everyone paid taxes to support a minister for the town church, to maintain the roads, and to care for the poor. If a chunk of the village split off, revenue would be lost" (Davidson & Lytle, 38). This caused rising tensions bet...

The Greeks essays

The Greeks essays The Greeks followed mythology. Mythology was believed to have been run by three different groups of god. First came the titans, two of them were Gaea and Uranus. The next group was the Olympians; two of them were Zeus and Poseidon. Then after the Olympians came the lesser gods and two examples of them were Demeter and Eros. Lycurgus was a lawmaker and He created the senate. The senate made it difficult for a Tyrant to take over. Lycurgus also divided the land equally. Solon was also a famous lawmaker and he also brought laws a constitution and a democracy to Athens. He also made it so every child was supposed to learn how to write and read. Sparta was a city-state that was focused mainly on military and not government. Olympia was home to the Olympics and one of the Seven Wonders of the World, Zeus. Athens was one of the most famous city-states of all and the birthplace of democracy. Delphi was famous for its oracle and temple of Apollo and the Olympic games also to place here for four years. The Olympics were a Series of games that took place every year in honor of one of the Greeks gods. The gods name was Zeus and Zeus was the king of all gods. The Olympics were important and even wars would be stopped because the Olympics were taking place. Women were not allowed to take place or attend the Olympic games. Some of the Olympic games were chariot racing, which the opponents would race with horses connected to chariots. Another game was stadion witch was a 200yd foot race and the word stadium came from the word stadion. Also wrestling was a popular game. ...

Risk Analysis of Global Beauty Cosmetics Center Essay

Risk Analysis of Global Beauty Cosmetics Center - Essay Example 34). Table 1 shows a summary of the key findings of GBCC's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and trends (SWOTT). Using the table and the categories (distribution, supply chain, social, and cultural) briefly discussed above, GBCC can better manage its risks by focusing on doing some activities well to develop its own unique competitive advantage. Understand customers. GBCC has to know its clients and what they want. Depending on their clientele (age range, social status, disposable income, etc.), GBCC can be more specific in offering the right types and volumes of products and services at the right price points. It can also decide where to locate its shops in the neighborhood or inside a shopping mall or office building, and select the appropriate staff and operating hours for each location. Train its workers. Like other service companies, people play a very important role for business success. More than just training workers in hairstyling, body care, or wellness strategies, GBCC must get workers with the right chemistry that will provide customers a unique experience, making them keep on coming back and telling their friends about it. Although it is important that customers come out of the center looking and feeling beautiful, it is the relationship that they forge with GBCC workers, who must get to know their most intimate feelings, that creates value, leads to profit margins, and increased revenues from repeat services. Understand suppliers. Costa Rica has a thriving pharmaceutical industry that services the growing cosmetics industry (CRHC, 2006). There are several competitors in the same business that source their products and services from the same suppliers. GBCC should ensure that products meet high standards. Manage operations. Service companies deal with different types of people who come in as customers wanting to feel beautiful and leave either as friends who got what they wanted or enemies who will never return or, worse, speak badly of the

The Adversary System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Adversary System - Essay Example Moreover, professionalism is of critical importance, and should be exhibited by all parties. This serves to ensure that parties do not attempt to demean or abuse the process. Despite the evident use of the adversary system, it still has certain ethical issues that include access to justice, accountability, and loyalty to the client. The adversary system is a two sided structure adopted when handling cases to determine justice. In this system, advocates represent the two different parties involved in both criminal and some civil cases. The adversary system relies on the capacity of a jury or judge that must exhibit a high degree of impartiality. After both sides make concerted efforts to present their gathered evidence in a bid to convince the jury or judge, the jury or/and judge determine the winner of the case. Notably, the adversary system is a phenomenon exhibited by countries that have adopted and practiced common law. This paper will describe the features that define the adversarial system, as well as some ethical issues related to the adversarial system. Research has revealed that the adversary system has existed since the medieval era. During this era, it was realized that certain litigants in the society lacked the capacity to effectively offer their defense when required to in the ‘the trial by combat’ system. For instance, women formed a group of vulnerable individuals that exhibited minimal capacity in the bid to defend themselves. Therefore, it was considered fair for such people to receive help from representatives in presenting their case. Different societies would later adopt this system of handling criminal cases. However, the system has changed over time, from the medieval application to the concentrated system evident in many courts in modern day (Leo, 2008). In modern day, the accused does not

The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - Research Paper Example Science claims that these changes are due to genes which are present in our cells. In order to find out how these changes are made, scientists carry out various tests with the help of cells and genes (cancer.org 1). These tests are called genetic experiments. Many different tests in this regard are been carried out in order to enhance the study of genes. Science has modified and now they are even able to create a life in laboratory or even clone living things. Whether these kinds of tests and experiments should be done or not, is an altogether a very argumentative topic thus people across the world have different views regarding it where some believe that there is no harm in it on the other hand others believe it to be prohibited. The study discusses the three common and controversial experiments ahead (Lederberg 519) Creation of Human Life Dr. Craig Venter and his team conducted an experiment in which they created an entirely new chromosome with the help of non-natural DNA which was made from chemicals. They transmitted this DNA in to a cell and observed that it was multiplying giving a real life evidence of it to be alive. This experiment was questioned by various scientists and Professors of various fields.

Chinese Politics Essay Example for Free

Chinese Politics Essay Subject: Chinese media need democratizing and building up credibility Recommendations: Chinese media can be more democratic and credible by reporting timely, openly and accurately; getting officials involved into social media and setting up Journalism Award to recognize outstanding news organizations and individual journalists. Summary: This memo introduces the autonomy of Chinese media and the increasing dissatisfaction both domestically and internationally. It also proposes three recommendations to help Chinese media become more democratic and credible, that are reporting timely, openly and accurately; getting officials involved into social media and setting up Journalism Award to recognize outstanding news organizations and individual journalists. Background: Chinese government fears that the free flow of information through media could threaten the party rule. Therefore, it makes a huge effort to censor the newspaper, magazines and television and Internet, ensuring Chinese media sends out the voice of the party and central government. The Internet is under government scrutiny through â€Å"Great Firewall†, which blocks many foreign sites and censor information and news deemed sensitive. Media restrictions and block not only reduce the credibility of Chinese media, but also damage the image of the party. Starved of uncensored information and unconstrained public opinion, Chinese people dissatisfy with government’s control in media, inspire social resistance and demand for freedom of information and expression. Therefore, it’s time for Chinese media reform, which need democratizing and setting up credibility. Analysis: Chinese media should build up credibility by reporting timely, openly and accurately on breaking news events. Media is hard to make a breakthrough, considering the slow reaction, lack of the in-depth report, and cover-up the accident. Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 is one of the cases. After overseas media reporting the news for 10 minutes, CCTV was still silent. Five days later, there was saturated coverage of achievements of rescue efforts in Sichuan. The report‘s coverage was narrow and lack in depth, mainly about where did Chinese leaders visit and what did they ask to the victims. High-speed train accident in Wenzhou is another example. Netizens attacked the government’s response of burying the wreckage, muzzling media coverage and forcing the journalists focus on rescue efforts. Media restrictions and block not only reduce the credibility of Chinese media, but also damage the image of the party. Therefore, Chinese media need improvements in providing timely, openly and accurately information, ensuring the citizens’ right to know. Government should encourage officials getting involved into social media by setting up account, getting official message across, interacting with citizens and reacting to the criticisms. Social media has been flourished in China. As the most influential social media in China, Weibo(Microblogs) serves as a â€Å"fire alarm† to the government. Weibo is a real-time, high-speed information channel, which is widely used by 350 million Internet users. It touches large and impactful public sphere, such as food safety, corruption, environment issue, and drives the entire national dialogue. Right now, it is good to see that many government departments jump into social media, get official message across, embrace communication with their constituents, and react to criticisms. According to a recent report released by Sina. com, there are 50,947 different government entities with Weibo accounts, in which 33,132 represented government organs and 17,815 represented specific government officials. However, there is still plenty of room for China’s bureaucracy fully joined the social media. However, when different departments and officials join into social media, it might trigger some problems, such as fragmentation of institutional authority and cross-region operations. For example, Chinese media report to different government departments. At the national level, Chinese media is divided by cable, telecommunications, and press network. And media belong to different local government, which do not want other regions to participate into its local events. In face of the problems, central government should enhance the communication and collaboration among different media channels and local governments, and put more effort on the supervision at central level. Government should set up Journalism Award to recognize outstanding news organizations and individual journalists that have integrity, social responsibilities and outstanding contribution in their work. Censorship, persecution, arrests hinder the breakthrough of Chinese media. Most of the complaints and criticisms against government have been filtered out. Wang Qinglei, former producer of CCTV â€Å"24 Hours† news program, was suspended from his job because his reports questioned the cause of the train crash and question the number of victims. It reveals the weakness of Chinese media regime: citizens are constrained to self-expression and Chinese media loses its function as a communication tool. Therefore, the government should give selective incentives to encourage public expressing their opinions and making critical points. (word count 750) . [ 1 ]. Xiaoling Zhang, Control, Resistance and Negotiation: How the Chinese media carve out greater space for autonomy. [ 2 ]. There Are More Than 50,000 Government Accounts on Sina Weibo, http://www. techinasia. com/50000-government-accounts-sina-weibo/ [ 3 ]. Hu, Zhengrong, â€Å"Towards the Public: the Dilemma in Chinese Media Policy Change and Its influential factors†, Joan Shorenstein Center Press, Dec 2005. [ 4 ]. Status of Chinese People, â€Å"Chinese journalists suspended for reporting train disaster† http://chinaview. wordpress. com/2011/08/04/chinese-journalists-suspended-for-reporting-train-disaster/.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder that displays as distracted, hyperactive, and unable to focus on tasks and activities. Also known as Hyperkinetic Impulse Disorder, Hyperkinesis, Hyperactive Syndrome, Minimal Brain Damage, Minimal Brain Dysfunction, and Undifferentiated Deficit Disorder, ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed neurological disorder in children. Although many children with ADHD are quite intelligent, their lack of focus can frequently lead to poor grades and a low self esteem. The exact cause of ADHD is still unknown, but it is considered highly inheritable. Results from numerous international studies on twins have found that ADHD may have a genetic link. The occurrence of ADHD in one twin is more often mirrored an identical twin who has the same genetic makeup, then in a fraternal twin whose genetics are similar but not identical. It is also believed that if a parent, uncle, or grandparent had ADHD, it is more likely their famil y may develop it as well. No gene has been discovered that directly relates to the disorder. MRI studies comparing the brains of children with and without the condition have shown that children with ADHD have weaker brain activity in the frontal area of the brain when responding to tasks that require inhibition. Because of this, it is thought that ADHD affects certain sections of the frontal cortex, parietal lobe, and possibly parts of the cerebellum. ADHD presents itself in three major categories; predominately hyperactive, predominately inattentive, or a combined hyperactivity and inattention. Predominately hyperactive presents as excessive physical activity and impulsive behaviors. This can include constant fidgeting, an inability to stay in ... ...nd drugs, and exercising can all lessen symptoms. The prognosis for ADHD is promising. Approximately 70-80% of patients treated with stimulant therapy experience significant relief from symptoms. About half of all children outgrow the symptoms as they mature into adulthood, the other half retain symptoms throughout their adult life. Works Cited Hoyle, Brian. â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.† Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 17 May. 2012 http://www.encyclopedia.com Zieman, Gayle and Dewan, Naakeesh A. â€Å"Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults.† RelayClinical Education. Feb. 2012 v2012 i1 pNA â€Å"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).† Tish Davidson, AM., Teresa G. Odle., and Laura Jean Cataldo, RN, Ed.D. The Gale Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders. 3rd Edition. 2010.

The Racism of “Diversity”

This summary was from an article entitled â€Å"The Racism of Diversity† written by Peter Schwartz on December 15, 2003. It was taken from Capitalism Magazine made available in the internet, the URL of which is http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=3399.The author is the chairman of the board of directors of the Ayn Rand Institute.The aforementioned article dealt specifically on the distinction of racism vis-à  -vis diversity in the school setting particularly in universities and colleges. Many school administrations have differing views about diversity and racism bringing along a positive and negative connotations depending upon how one interprets it.But the bottom line is, diversity can be constructive if it suggests integration of races in order to learn and understand the races of other people. However, it is said to be destructive if diversity â€Å"propagates all the evils inherent in racism† as stated by Schwartz in his paper.Along this line, the admission of mul ti-racial enrollees in an educational institution may have interesting and disparaging effects for contrasting races or skin color. Because of the mixing of races in one school, racial division is highly emphasized thereby causing segregation of residence halls, cafeterias, and organizations. Diversity in this sense is not helpful to solve the problem of inter-tribal conflict but instead underscores the differences between races.On the other hand, diversity is also deemed to be an excellent learning method inside the school to rule out individualism and foster unity and understanding. It provides a channel in which a race can express itself for the alien tribes to appreciate the ethnicity of a certain group of people because it is believed that one’s colors determines one’s ideas and perspectives of things in one’s environment.At present, the issue of â€Å"color-blindness† or being non-discriminative in terms of skin color remains a controversial issue i n universities and colleges.â€Å"Diversity† advocates are moving toward better grasp of this subject matter, however, the long-time history of racial discrimination has indoctrinated and passed on from one generation to another. One’s bloodline speaks louder than words despite the fact that it is not a person’s fault to be born in a particular race whether one is brown-eyed or green-eyed.The sole purpose of this paper is to remind the readers that racial diversities are still existent among our learning institutions and it has tremendous effects on students and on how they deal and treat one another.Education through diversity is very ideal but very hard to comprehend because of things that cannot be changed. This change does not take overnight to be materialized, but it takes further orientation, education and re-orientation to instill its importance in the hearts and minds of people.

Organizational Theory

There have been numerous studies regarding how the influence of technology has brought about change to the structure of an organization as well as its processes. Many of the studies have concluded that the organizational structure is strongly affected by the principal technology which the organization uses. (Volt, 2005) Technology, In simple terms, Is seen as the conversion of Inputs Into outputs using machines, equipments and processes. It Is a system based on the use of knowledge and organization, evident in physical objects for the attainment of precise goals.However, with the coming along of new technologies, as well as postmodernist and symbolic-interpretative, it has further expanded on how we think of technology to include it into the arts and social practice. This essay will look in the modernist and postmodernist perspective which will provide the different views as to how technology, organizations, management and employees are related. The modernist perspective sees ontolog y as objectivism. What this means Is that they believe In the reality which exists externally outside the Influence of humans.They see the world as something which Is not subjected to others authority, walling to be covered. They believe that technology brings about value for the organization and that technology will decide the structure of an organization. Epistemology wise, modernist see it as positivism. They have a preference towards ‘hard' data such as numbers. An assumption made would be that with the application of scientific method, it is possible to find the truth about certain events.This would then allow knowledge to best tested against the objective world. With the accumulation of knowledge, humans are than able to progress further and eventually evolve. Modernists adopt the General Systems Theory which is influenced by Mile Deuterium's structural functionalism. They are concerned with what are the factors that bring Individuals and groups together. The concept of division of labor, central to concept of social structure Is the core concept for the modernist. They believe In the quantitative methods of research.When studying organization as a whole, It must be noted that the level of analysis would be the organization and the subsystems and super system are the departments and environment respectively. The goal is to ultimately help reproduce the larger system by understanding the ‘laws' which over these systems and how an activity is being performed by the various subsystems. Modernists believe that the fulfillment of a purpose by an organization is closely related with technology to the environment. The increased improvements that technology constantly brings make it a special human venture.The example of us humans wanting to own the latest possible gadgets can be used for this instance. This brings about the creation of a market Indirectly. The advances in technology are believed to bring about advances to an organization, positively and their level of steady Improvement can be measured by Its technological advancement. Definitions of technology can be broken down Into core, high and service. Core technology simply refers to constant flow of resources that are dealt directly with the production of the intangible services which are consumed as products.Moving on, the modernist perspectives look into 3 most dominant typologies that emphasizes on how the dimensions of an organizational design is being influenced by technology. The first typology would be Joan Woodward's Industrial Organization (1965). She basically conducted tests to see if organizational principles were actually put into use. It was also shown that compatibility of companies organizing themselves with technology was commercially successful. She found out that performance were of the highest levels when technologies of mass production were put together with mechanistic forms of organization.Also, the highest level of performance was achieved when technologies dealing with small batch or continuous processing were combined with organic firms. However, one limitation of her typology was that the technologies involved in the sector of service were ignored. The second typology was James Thompson Organizations in Action (1967). Basically e suggested that the type of technology, which was different depending on the ‘degree of interdependence in the transformation process', affects the structure of an organization.He distinguished between long linked, mediating and intensive. Long linked is technologies deal with mass production and continuous processing. It is when an input is being put on one end of a long series of steps which happens in sequence which will end with the output. Mediating is technologies involved in bringing people together for exchange. Examples include those working in banks or insurance companies whose purpose of to bring customers together for exchange.Intensive technologies involve more than 1 speciali zed skill, for example, hospital emergency rooms or research labs. To put in simply, it is when there is a unique input and the end result will be a customized output. The third typology is the Charles Proper Organizational Analysis (1970). He studied the reasons why the complexities of technologies are higher than others and how it can lead to uncertainty. These uncertainties are in terms of the quality of inputs and whether they are available, and also variability involved in the transformation process.A technology with a higher level of complexity will lead to a higher amount f uncertainty. This will also lead to decisions which are less programmed and the use of discretion will be higher. There are 2 factors which will influence the complexity of technology. They are task variability and task inalienability. Task variability is the number of exceptions to standard procedures encountered in the application of given theory and task inalienability is the extent which, an exception is encountered, there are known methods to deal with it'. Hatch and Councils, 2013) These 3 typologies that have been used demonstrated how an organizational structure is affected by the different technologies. The production technologies chosen must be matched with organizational forms and also the success of an organization would be obtained if the structures and procedures are suitable to the productive technology which has been employed. The structure of an organization technology that are used for their transformation. I shall now move on to the postmodernist perspective.Ontologically, they believe that reality is merely Just an ‘illusion' which, through language and discourse, is created. ‘The world is said to be made to appear in language, discourse and artwork with no referents because there is nothing to which to refer'. Hatch and Councils, 2013) This is clearly against what the modernist perspective said. Epistemologically, post modernist believes that there ca n be no truth about reality, since there is no independence to it. The use of language is used to enforce power and social arrangements whilst organizations are merely, ‘imagined' entities.Postmodernists believe that technology can be a destructive process which can cause a change or the downfall of established organizational roles and values. They believe that technology is a form of control. An example that can be used for this statement s the British manufacturers working in the textile industry who wanted to introduce more machines but this move was greatly objected by the workers as they are afraid of the impact on their Jobs and skills if it happened. There are 3 aspects with regards to conceptions of technology by the postmodernist.Firstly would be the technologies of representation. This is basically Just the technologies involved to represent individuals and work processes. Examples would include electronic data and photographs which can all be used to control employe es. This brings about fear which the future might bring. This fear is brought about by he expected growth of ‘equivalence' which can track almost everything, from the keystroke made to the websites accessed. All this will lead to the higher possibility of online accounts being hacked into which will ultimately lead to the capturing of one's identity and codes.The second aspect is the technologies of control. This is when the value for highest level of performance achieved by the reduction of energy being expended while increasing output to its maximum capacity and is often brought about by decisions of values linked to a person or institution which are based on their contribution to efficiency. However, a disadvantage is that since integrity and fairness are not clearly in relations to efficiency, it brings about the neglecting of truth and Justice.Adding on, knowledge will be changed into a commodity by technology as the acceptable knowledge can be spread by the computer. The last aspect would be civilization. This is a hybridism kind of organization which is known to be of a techno-human' construct. This occurs when an organization is being taken over by computers or electromechanical instruments, be it in whole or Just by part. The organization is being determined not only by canines, but also by the human intervention. There are dangers involved in civilization. One of which would be technology being abused and misused.Instead of technology serving the organization which is the main point of it, organizational technology, individuals from an organization would tend to expect more from it despite the limitations of how much it can actually deliver. The social and human factors also will be inferior to the capacities technologically. Additionally, according to a French philosopher that influences post-modernism is Michel Faculty, it is power related with regards to all social, political and organization relations. The relations of power do not act acco rding to any reasonable logic or contested system.There is bound to be resistance whenever there is power involved. Employees will find way to go around the loopholes that are present in the organization. However, resistance can never lead to freedom from restraint since all social relations are in relations to power. There is no way to resist domination. Postmodernist organizations make use of surveillance mechanisms which is to control the members within the organization. This includes closed-circuit television, monitoring of computer usage and mandatory diaries.These will lead to self- surveillance since members will know that they are being monitored which will lead to dehumidifying conditions. All the points in postmodernist perspective that have been talked about draws attention to not only social, but also the historical and political creation of knowledge, humans and relations socially. This would include how every one of these will appear in the present-day organizations. W hen domination is supported, humans and organizations will be at the losing end if they overlook the construction activities by regarding the existing world as rational and neutral.Technology might be selected since it meets the necessary needs of power holders within the organization and not because of its natural superiority. The postmodernist are not all against the technology computer brings. They believe it encourages democracy and also believe it is an essential tool with regards to the economy, environment and political resistance. In conclusion, it can be seen that the modernist insights with regards to the relations between technology, organizations, management and employees are different from what the postmodernist perspective has to offer.Modernists believe that technology rings about different effects to the structure of an organization and the correct kind of productive technology employed will bring about the highest levels of performance. The post modernist on the oth er hand, sees technology as a form of power. They believe that the usage of surveillance as a form of control over its members will lead to self-surveillance. This is true to a certain extent but it also leads to a kind of dehumidifying condition since employees are then expected to take extra precaution when doing something in the workplace since their every move is being monitored.